This study explores the overlooked yet profound influence of Islamic civilization—specifically Arabic science, Persian poetics, and Ottoman historiography—on English literature from the 14th to early 19th centuries. It aims to address a critical gap in literary historiography by tracing how English authors such as Chaucer, Shakespeare, and Coleridge engaged with Islamic intellectual traditions beyond mere exoticism. Grounded in postcolonial theory (Said, Bhabha), transcultural literary studies, and book history, this research investigates the channels through which Islamic texts and ideas circulated into the English canon. Methodologically, it employs a combined approach of close textual analysis, historical contextualization, and material-textual research. Key findings reveal that (1) medieval scientific works like Chaucer’s Treatise on the Astrolabe integrated Arabic astronomy without attribution; (2) early modern literature, exemplified by Shakespeare’s Othello, negotiated Islamic identities through the lens of Mediterranean diplomacy; and (3) Romantic poetry, notably Coleridge’s Kubla Khan, appropriated Islamic imagery while detaching it from its theological roots. Furthermore, the manuscript tradition of The Arabian Nights predates Galland’s 18th-century translations, with Arabic versions circulating in Europe as early as the 15th century. Its distinctive frame narrative and nested storytelling provided English writers with new models for layered narrative structures and imaginative storytelling, profoundly influencing English fiction and poetry. This article argues that Islamic contributions were not peripheral but formative in shaping English literary modernity. By recovering these hidden dialogues, the study challenges Eurocentric literary narratives and proposes a more interconnected, transregional understanding of literary history.